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Theses and Dissertations: A Guide to Planning, Research, and Writing論文:指導,規劃,研究和寫作

By R. MURRAY THOMAS and DALE L. BRUBAKER4157-1利托馬斯和油菜0045492brubaker

Traditionally in academia, the two main purposes of master's-degree and doctoral projects are (a) to provide graduate students guided practice in conducting and presenting research and (b) to make a contribution to the world's fund of knowledge or to improve the conduct of some activity.傳統上,在學術界,主要有兩個目的,碩士和博士生的項目分別是:(一)提供研究生指導實踐,並進行介紹和研究(二)對社會作出貢獻的世界基金的知識或改善行為一些活動.

The practice aspect goes well beyond the demands of a typical term paper or individual-study assignment, since the aim is to equip students to do research and writing of respectable, publishable quality in the future.實踐方面遠遠超出了需求的一個典型任期紙張或個別學習轉讓既然目的是要教導學生做研究和寫作的可敬,可刊載的質量在未來的.

The contribution-to-knowledge aspect is intended to make the student's study more than just a learning exercise by using this opportunity to produce valued information or to introduce a point of view not available before.貢獻,對知識方面是為了讓學生的學習不僅僅是一個學習的過程,利用這個機會生產值信息或引進一個角度來看,沒有前提供. This aspect is what usually distinguishes a master's thesis from a doctoral dissertation, in that the contribution of the dissertation is expected to be of greater magnitude than that of the thesis.這方面有什麼區別,通常的碩士論文,從博士論文在這一貢獻的論文,可望有更大的規模比過去的論文.

Sources of Guidance指導來源.

"If I'd known he'd be too busy to be of much help, I would have tried to find a better advisor.""如果我倒知道祂是太忙,有很大幫助,我曾試圖尋找一個更好的顧問."
At the outset of your project, it is well to identify potential sources of help and to recognize the advantages and limitations of each.在開始你的項目,這是好,以確定潛在的幫助和認識的優點和局限性,取長補短. Those sources of most value are usually academic advisors, fellow graduate students, experts outside of your own department or institution, you yourself, and the professional literature.這些來源的最值通常學術顧問,研究員研究生專家外,你自己的部門或機構,你本人和專業文獻.

ACADEMIC ADVISORS學術顧問

Policies for assigning faculty members to supervise students' thesis and dissertation projects can vary from one institution to another and even across departments within the same institution.政策指派老師監督學生論文的項目,可以相差從一所學校轉到另一甚至是跨部門,在同一機構.

In some cases, the advisor who guides a student's general academic progress automatically becomes the supervisor of the candidate's work on the thesis or dissertation.在某些情況下,顧問的指導者,學生一般學術進展自動成為監候選人的工作,對論文或論文. Under such a policy, students are relieved of the responsibility of choosing a mentor, but they may unfortunately end up with less than optimal help.在此政策下,學生感到寬慰的責任選擇一個導師,但不幸地可能落得低於最優的幫助. In other cases, an academic advisor will not automatically be assigned, but he or she will be only one of a group of several faculty members from whom a student can choo se a guide.在其他情況下,一個學術顧問,也不會自動被指派但他或她將唯一的一組數學院成員,其中一名學生可以choo硒的一個指南.

Under these circumstances, before students announce their choice of a mentor they can profitably collect several kinds of information about the professors who form the pool of potential advisors.在這種情況下,之前公佈學生自己選擇一個導師,他們可以從中獲利,收集了幾種有關教授形成潛在的顧問. Included among the sources of information are fellow students, the professors within the pool, other faculty members, secretaries, research assistants, and the professors' publications.其中包含的信息來源是同學,老師在游泳池外,其他學院的成員,書記研究助理,教授的出版物.

Institutions and departments can also differ in the number of faculty members assigned to supervise and evaluate a student's research.機構和部門也不同,教師人數分配進行監督和評價學生的研究. One common pattern at the master's level is to have a three-member committee for each thesis, with the committee chairperson acting as the candidate's principal supervisor.一個共同的模式,在師父的水平是有一個由三人組成的委員會,每一論文同委員會代行候選人的首席督導. However, in colleges and universities with large numbers of master's degree students, the entire master's project may be directed and assessed by a single faculty member.然而,在高校與大批碩士生,整個碩士項目,可致電和分攤的單一學院會員. At the doctoral level, the supervising committee often consists of three to five professors.在博士生的水平,監督委員會通常由三至五名教授.

In the following paragraphs, we describe kinds of information to seek about potential advisers.在下面的段落中,我們描述的各種信息,以尋求潛在的顧問. We then suggest useful sources of each kind.我們竟又有用來源每種.

(The rest of this book can be found at Questia's online libary by clicking here and searching for Theses and Dissertations: A Guide to Planning, Research, and Writing By R. MURRAY THOMAS and DALE L. BRUBAKER)(餘下的這本書可以發現questia的網上圖書館點擊這裡搜索論文:指導,規劃,研究和寫作的R利托馬斯0045492brubaker油菜)

Kinds of Information to Collect各種資料蒐集

In learning about the professors in your pool of potential mentors, you will likely find it helpful to discover their (a) fields of interest and expertise, (b) style of advising, and (c) attitudes about appropriate research topics and methods of research.在得知老師在你的潛在導師你可能會覺得有幫助,他們發現(一)各方面的興趣和專長,(二)風格吉諾特及(三)態度,適當的研究課題和研究方法.

Fields of interest and expertise感興趣的領域和專長

Obviously, the closer an advisor's area of expertise is to your research problem, the better equipped she or he will be to identify difficulties you may encounter, recommend sources of information pertinent to your topic, and guide your choice of methods for gathering and interpreting data.顯然,緊密顧問,專長領域是你的研究問題,好裝備他或她會找出你的困難,可能遇到的,推薦資料來源有關你的話題,並引導您選擇的方式收集和解釋數據. There are several ways to learn about faculty members' specializations--the titles and contents of classes they teach, their published books and articles, the topics of theses and dissertations produced under their guidance, other staff members' opinions, and other students' experiences with those faculty members.有幾種方法,以了解教師的專業--標題和內容的班級授課,他們出版的書籍和文章,專題論文製作其指導下,其他工作人員的意見,和其他學生的經驗與師資水平.

The task of deciding how well a potential advisor's interests and skills suit your needs is likely easiest if you already have a specific research problem in mind, or at least if you have identified the general realm you hope to explore.的任務是決定如何以及顧問,潛在的利益和技能滿足您的需要,可能是最容易的,如果你已經有了一個具體的研究問題出發,或者至少,如果您已經確定一般的境界,希望你去發掘. If you have no inkling of the kind of topic on which your study will focus, then the next of our selection criteria--style of advising--may become your primary concern.如果你沒有覺察的那種題目,你的研究將集中那麼今後我們的選擇標準--風格諮詢--有可能成為你的首要關注.

Professors vary greatly in how they work with students on theses and dissertations.教授大不相同,他們如何工作和學生論文. Those at one end of a monitoring scale closely control each phase of the student's effort, in some cases dictating what is to be done at every step, then requiring the student to hand in each portion of material for evaluation and correction.那些在一端的一個監測規模密切控制各階段學生的努力,在某些情況下硬要什麼是要做的每一步,然後要求學生掌握每一部分材料進行評價和校正. Advisors at the opposite end of the scale tell students to work things out pretty much by themselves and to finish a complete draft of the project before handing it in for inspection.顧問在對面年底的規模告訴學生工作,事出非常漂亮的自己,寫完草稿完成的項目才交由資訊,供市民查閱.
Advisors also vary in how available they are when students need them.顧問也不同,如何提供他們當學生需要它們. Some are frequently away from the campus.有些人常常遠離校園. Some require students to make an appointment with a department secretary several days or weeks ahead of time in order to confer about the individual's research.有些學校要求學生必須約見部秘書幾天或幾週的時間,以便授予對個別問題的研究. Others allow students to drop by the office or to phone any time they need help.等,讓學生下降了辦事處或手機任何時候都需要幫助. Some answer queries only in their office.一些解答疑問只在自己的辦公室. Others permit students to phone them at home.別人允許學生手機在家中.

Professors also differ in the way they offer advice and criticism.教授們也有不同的方式,他們所提供的意見和批評. Some are blunt about the shortcomings of a student's effort, perhaps derisive and abusive.有些生硬的缺點,學生的努力,也許嘲弄和侮辱. Others are direct in pointing out weaknesses in the candidate's work, but they do so in a kindly, understanding manner, recognizing that doing serious research is a new endeavor for the student and that mistakes along the way are not only expected but can function as valuable learning opportunities.則直接指出弱點,在候選人的工作,但他們做了苛刻諒解的態度,承認這樣認真研究,是一項新事業,為學生和錯誤,沿途不只有預期,但可以作為寶貴的學習機會. Yet others are so cautious about potentially hurting a student's feelings that they are reluctant to point out weaknesses in the project and thereby fail to guide their advisees toward correcting the shortcomings of their efforts.但別人都這樣謹慎的潛在傷害學生的情感,他們也不願意指出弱點項目失敗,從而引導他們走向advisees改正缺點的努力.

Consequently, you will likely find it useful to learn ahead of time about faculty members' styles of directing theses and dissertations--about how closely they monitor steps in the process, how available they are to offer help, and how skillfully they identify deficiencies and suggest solutions without unduly damaging students' egos.因此,你可能會認為這是有益的學習提前約時間教職員的風格導演論文--如何密切監察這些步驟,在這個過程中,如何提供他們所給予的幫助,以及如何巧妙地找出他們的不足,提出解決辦法,避免損害學生的自尊心.

Your best sources of information about advising styles are usually (a) fellow graduate students who are farther along than you are in the thesis or dissertation process and (b) other professors whom you know personally and who are willing to talk about their colleagues' modes of guidance.你的最佳資料來源意見風格通常(一)各位畢業同學沿遠超過你在論文或論文的過程(二)其他教授的人,你知道自己和誰願意談其同事的模式指導.

Faculty members often disagree about what constitutes proper research.學院成員往往不知道怎樣才是正確的研究. Consequently, you might end up with an advisor whose notions of suitable research topics and methods of investigation are at odds with your own beliefs.因此,你可能落得一個顧問的概念合適的研究課題和調查方法是不睦你自己的信仰. Therefore, three types of information you may wish to seek are your potential advisors' views of (a) quantitative-versus-qualitative methods, (b) positivism-versuspostmodernism perspectives, and (c) basic-versus-applied research.因此,三種類型的信息,你不妨設法都是你的潛在顧問團的意見(一)定量與定性的方法,(二)實證--versuspostmodernism觀點,(三)基本同步應用研究.

Quantitative-versus-qualitative methods: As these terms are generally used, quantitative research involves amounts, which are usually cast in the form of statistics, but qualitative research does not involve amounts in any strict sense.定量與定性方法:由於這些網站通常採用定量研究涉及的金額,通常演員的形式統計,但定性研究,並不涉及金額在任何嚴格意義. Here are titles of projects that might be categorized under each type:這裡所列的項目可能被歸類在每個類型:

Quantitative:定量:
Germany's Economic Growth, 1950-2000德國的經濟增長,1950-2000
Rural and Urban Educational Achievement in Oregon農村和城市教育成就俄勒岡
Amounts of Public and Private Finance for Welfare Programs數額公共和私人資金用於公益事業
Generational Height and Weight Comparisons--Japan and the USA世代身高和體重比較--日本和美國
The Growth of Tourism--Florida and Alabama旅遊業的增長--佛羅里達州和亞拉巴馬州
Short-Term Effects of Three Antidepressant Drugs短期效應三種抗抑鬱藥

Qualitative:定性:
The Philosophical Foundations of Psychoanalysis哲學基礎的心理
Silverado--The History of a Frontier Townsilverado--史上的一個邊城
A Theory of Political Participation論政治參與
One Week in the Life of a Deaf-Mute一周生活的聾啞
Judaic Foundations of Islamic Doctrine猶太基金會回教教義
The Present-Day Relevance of William James's Pragmatism現今相關威廉詹姆士的實用主義

Professors who locate themselves exclusively in the quantitative camp demand that students' research involve the compilation of data in the form of amounts.一位不願具名的教授找到自己僅限於定量陣營要求學生研究涉及的數據彙編在形式的金額. Hence, they reject historical chronicles, philosophical analyses, a line of logic leading to a conclusion, a comparison of the qualities of different societies, the detailed description of an individual's or group's style of life, and the like.因此,他們拒絕記敘歷史,哲學的分析,根據他們的邏輯,導致結論,比較的素質不同社會中,詳細說明了個人或群體的生活方式和喜歡. Furthermore, adherents of quantitative studies sometimes prefer studies that focus on rather large numbers of people, schools, cities, or political constituencies so that broadly inclusive generalizations can be drawn from the research results.此外,信徒的定量研究有時喜歡研究,以集中,而大量的人,學校,城市,或政治團體等,具有廣泛包容性概括,可以得出的研究成果. Such adherents thus disapprove of studies focusing on one autistic person (singlesubject research) or only a few subjects (three autistic children, two schools, four candidates for political office, five neighborhoods) whose results cannot, with confidence, be g eneralized to a wide range of people or events.這些信徒因此不贊成研究,其重點之一自閉症(singlesubject研究),或只有少數科目(三自閉症孩子,兩所學校,四個候選人政治處,有五個街道),其結果不能與信心,是G普遍化了各種各樣的人或事件. Proponents of quantitative studies tend to prefer such research methods as controlled experiments and surveys that employ interviews, tests, systematic observations, questionnaires, and quantitative content analysis.倡議者定量研究傾向於這種研究方法,為控制實驗和調查,聘請面試,測試系統觀察,問卷調查,定量分析的內容. (For arguments supporting the quantitative position, see the following references: Howell, 1997; Shavelson, 1996.)(論據支持的定量位置,見下列參考資料:Howell案,1997年;沙維爾森年,1996年).

In contrast, professors who subscribe strictly to qualitative methodology tend to belittle research that involves what they may refer to as "no more than number crunching" which they feel oversimplifies complex causes, dehumanizes evidence, and fails to recognize individual differences among people, among environments, and among events.相比之下,一位不願具名的教授認購嚴格定性方法往往貶低研究,涉及到什麼,他們可稱為"無人數較艱澀",他們認為過分複雜的原因,妖證據並沒有認識到個別差異的人,其中包括環境,而其中的事件. Advocates of qualitative studies tend to favor such research techniques as historical and philosophical analyses, descriptive observation, case studies, ethnography, and hermeneutics.提倡定性研究傾向於這種研究技術的歷史和哲學分析,描述性觀察,個案研究人種,詮釋學. (For rationales supporting the qualitative stance, see: Bogdan & Knopp, 1992; Denzin & Lincoln, 1994.)(講理支持定性立場,見:波格丹&Knopp恆,1992年;歸納與林肯,1994年).

There are, in addition to the foregoing two polar positions, a great many faculty members who will accept a wide array of research approaches, quantitative and qualitative alike.還有,除了前述兩個極地陣地不少學院成員將接受一系列的研究方法,定量和定性一樣. We would count ourselves among their number because, in our opinion, the quantitative-versus-qualitative controversy is really off target.我們會指望自己在其數量,因為我們認為,定量與定性的爭議實在脫靶. The issue, in our minds, should not be: Are quantitative methods better than qualitative, or vice versa?這個問題,在我們的腦海中,不應該是:定量方法較定性,反之亦然? Instead, the issue should be: Which approach-quantitative, qualitative, or some combination of both--will be the most suitable for answering the particular research question being asked?相反,這一問題應該是:該方法進行定量,定性,或是兩者兼而有之--將是最合適的回答,特別是研究問的一個問題? This point of view, which respects the contributions that can be made by all sorts of methods, is the one we espouse throughout this book.就這點來看,這方面的貢獻,可以通過各種方式,是一個我們信奉整本書中.

However, to be practical about your own situation as a student pursuing a degree in a particular department, what we as the authors of this book believe about the quantitative-qualitative debate is really not important.不過,要切實把自己的情況,作為學生修讀學位,在某一處,我們作為作家的這本書相信對定量定性辯論實在並不重要. What is important is how well your own beliefs match those of the advisors with whom you might conduct your research.最重要的是如何完善自己的信念媲美的顧問與誰,你可能你的行為研究. Thus, a useful twofold question to ask is: Which research methodologies do the potential members of my research-project committee prefer or even accept?因此,一個有用的雙重要問的問題是:它的研究方法做的潛在成員,我的研究項目委員會寧願甚至接受? And how well do my own preferences match the opinions of those professors?如何做好自己的喜好匹配的意見,這些教授? In effect, establishing a good match promotes efficiency, effectiveness, and goodwill in your work with advisors.實際上,建立良好配合促進效率,效益和善意,你的工作有幫助.

The rest of this book can be found at Questia's online libary by clicking here and searching for Theses and Dissertations: A Guide to Planning, Research, and Writing By R. MURRAY THOMAS and DALE L. BRUBAKER其餘的這本書可以發現questia的網上圖書館點擊這裡搜索論文:指導,規劃,研究和寫作的R利托馬斯和油菜0045492brubaker